The Stacks project

Proof. We have to check that $\Delta : X \to X \times _ Y X$ is a closed immersion. There is an étale covering of $X \times _ Y X$ given by the four parts $U \times _ Y U$, $U \times _ Y V$, $V \times _ Y U$, and $V \times _ Y V$. Observe that $(U \times _ Y U) \times _{(X \times _ Y X), \Delta } X = U$, $(U \times _ Y V) \times _{(X \times _ Y X), \Delta } X = U \times _ X V$, $(V \times _ Y U) \times _{(X \times _ Y X), \Delta } X = V \times _ X U$, and $(V \times _ Y V) \times _{(X \times _ Y X), \Delta } X = V$. Thus the assumptions of the lemma exactly tell us that $\Delta $ is a closed immersion. $\square$

Proof. Proof of (1). The assumption that $Z_ i \to X$ is of finite presentation signifies that the quasi-coherent ideal sheaf $\mathcal{I}_ i$ of $Z_ i$ is of finite type, see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 67.28.12. Denote $Z \subset X$ the closed subspace cut out by the product $\mathcal{I}_1 \mathcal{I}_2$. Observe that $Z \cap U$ is the disjoint union of $Z_1 \cap U$ and $Z_2 \cap U$. By Divisors on Spaces, Lemma 71.19.5 there is a $U \cap Z$-admissible blowup $Z' \to Z$ such that the strict transforms of $Z_1$ and $Z_2$ are disjoint. Denote $Y \subset Z$ the center of this blowing up. Then $Y \to X$ is a closed immersion of finite presentation as the composition of $Y \to Z$ and $Z \to X$ (Divisors on Spaces, Definition 71.19.1 and Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 67.28.2). Thus the blowing up $X' \to X$ of $Y$ is a $U$-admissible blowing up. By general properties of strict transforms, the strict transform of $Z_1, Z_2$ with respect to $X' \to X$ is the same as the strict transform of $Z_1, Z_2$ with respect to $Z' \to Z$, see Divisors on Spaces, Lemma 71.18.3. Thus (1) is proved.

Proof of (2). By Limits of Spaces, Lemma 70.14.1 there exists a finite type quasi-coherent sheaf of ideals $\mathcal{J}_ i \subset \mathcal{O}_ U$ such that $T_ i = V(\mathcal{J}_ i)$ (set theoretically). By Limits of Spaces, Lemma 70.9.8 there exists a finite type quasi-coherent sheaf of ideals $\mathcal{I}_ i \subset \mathcal{O}_ X$ whose restriction to $U$ is $\mathcal{J}_ i$. Apply the result of part (1) to the closed subspaces $Z_ i = V(\mathcal{I}_ i)$ to conclude. $\square$

Proof. Let $T' \subset |V|$ be the complement of the maximal open over which $f|_ U$ is an isomorphism. Then $T', T$ are closed in $|V|$ and $T \cap T' = \emptyset $. Since $|V|$ is a spectral topological space (Properties of Spaces, Lemma 66.15.2) we can find constructible closed subsets $T_ c, T'_ c$ of $|V|$ with $T \subset T_ c$, $T' \subset T'_ c$ such that $T_ c \cap T'_ c = \emptyset $ (choose a quasi-compact open $W$ of $|V|$ containing $T'$ not meeting $T$ and set $T_ c = |V| \setminus W$, then choose a quasi-compact open $W'$ of $|V|$ containing $T_ c$ not meeting $T'$ and set $T'_ c = |V| \setminus W'$). By Lemma 81.14.2 we may, after replacing $Y$ by a $V$-admissible blowing up, assume that $T_ c$ and $T'_ c$ have disjoint closures in $|Y|$. Let $Y_0$ be the open subspace of $Y$ corresponding to the open $|Y| \setminus \overline{T}'_ c$ and set $V_0 = V \cap Y_0$, $U_0 = U \times _ V V_0$, and $X_0 = X \times _ Y Y_0$. Since $U_0 \to V_0$ is an isomorphism, we can find a $V_0$-admissible blowing up $Y'_0 \to Y_0$ such that the strict transform $X'_0$ of $X_0$ maps isomorphically to $Y'_0$, see More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 76.39.4. By Divisors on Spaces, Lemma 71.19.3 there exists a $V$-admissible blow up $Y' \to Y$ whose restriction to $Y_0$ is $Y'_0 \to Y_0$. If $f' : X' \to Y'$ denotes the strict transform of $f$, then we see what we want is true because $f'$ restricts to an isomorphism over $Y'_0$. $\square$

Proof. Let $T' \subset |U|$ be the complement of the maximal open on which $f|_ U$ is étale. Then $T'$ is closed in $|U|$ and disjoint from $|A|$. Since $|U|$ is a spectral topological space (Properties of Spaces, Lemma 66.15.2) we can find constructible closed subsets $T_ c, T'_ c$ of $|U|$ with $|A| \subset T_ c$, $T' \subset T'_ c$ such that $T_ c \cap T'_ c = \emptyset $ (see proof of Lemma 81.14.3). By Lemma 81.14.2 there is a $U$-admissible blowing up $X_1 \to X$ such that $T_ c$ and $T'_ c$ have disjoint closures in $|X_1|$. Let $X_{1, 0}$ be the open subspace of $X_1$ corresponding to the open $|X_1| \setminus \overline{T}'_ c$ and set $U_0 = U \cap X_{1, 0}$. Observe that the scheme theoretic image $\overline{A}_1 \subset X_1$ of $A$ is contained in $X_{1, 0}$ by construction.

After replacing $Y$ by a $V$-admissible blowing up and taking strict transforms, we may assume $X_{1, 0} \to Y$ is flat, quasi-finite, and of finite presentation, see More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemmas 76.39.1 and 76.37.3. Consider the commutative diagram

of scheme theoretic images. The morphism $\overline{A}_1 \to \overline{A}$ is surjective because it is proper and hence the scheme theoretic image of $\overline{A}_1 \to \overline{A}$ must be equal to $\overline{A}$ and then we can use Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 67.40.8. The statement on étale local rings follows by choosing a lift of the geometric point $\overline{a}$ to a geometric point $\overline{a}_1$ of $\overline{A}_1$ and setting $\mathcal{O} = \mathcal{O}_{X_1, \overline{a}_1}$. Namely, since $X_1 \to Y$ is flat and quasi-finite on $X_{1, 0} \supset \overline{A}_1$, the map $\mathcal{O}_{Y', f'(\overline{a})} \to \mathcal{O}_{X_1, \overline{a}_1}$ is finite flat, see Algebra, Lemmas 10.156.3 and 10.153.3. $\square$

Proof. Denote $Z' \to Z$ the strict transform. The morphism $Z' \to X'$ induces a morphism $Z' \to X' \times _ B Y$ which is a closed immersion (as $Z'$ is a closed subspace of $X' \times _ X Z$ by definition). Thus to finish the proof it suffices to show that the scheme theoretic image $Z''$ of $V \to Z'$ is $Z'$. Observe that $Z'' \subset Z'$ is a closed subspace such that $V \to Z'$ factors through $Z''$. Since both $V \to X \times _ B Y$ and $V \to X' \times _ B Y$ are quasi-compact (for the latter this follows from Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 67.8.9 and the fact that $X' \times _ B Y \to X \times _ B Y$ is separated as a base change of a proper morphism), by Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 67.16.3 we see that $Z \cap (U \times _ B Y) = Z'' \cap (U \times _ B Y)$. Thus the inclusion morphism $Z'' \to Z'$ is an isomorphism away from the exceptional divisor $E$ of $Z' \to Z$. However, the structure sheaf of $Z'$ does not have any nonzero sections supported on $E$ (by definition of strict transforms) and we conclude that the surjection $\mathcal{O}_{Z'} \to \mathcal{O}_{Z''}$ must be an isomorphism. $\square$

Proof. Consider the scheme theoretic image $Z \subset Y \times _ B U$ of the “diagonal” morphism $V \to Y \times _ B U$. If we replace $Y$ by a $V$-admissible blowing up, then $Z$ is replaced by the strict transform with respect to this blowing up, see Lemma 81.14.5. Hence by More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 76.39.4 we may assume $Z \to Y$ is an open immersion. If $V' \subset Y$ denotes the image, then we see that the induced morphism $V' \to U$ is proper because the projection $Y \times _ B U \to U$ is proper and $V' \cong Z$ is a closed subspace of $Y \times _ B U$. $\square$

Proof. Choose a compactification $U_ i \subset X_ i$ over $B$ for $i = 1, 2$. We may assume $U_ i$ is scheme theoretically dense in $X_ i$. We may assume there is an open $V_ i \subset X_ i$ and a proper morphism $\psi _ i : V_ i \to U$ extending $U_ i \to U$, see Lemma 81.14.6. Picture

Denote $Z_1 \subset U$ the reduced closed subspace corresponding to the closed subset $|U| \setminus |U_2|$. Recall that $f^{-1}Z_1$ is a closed subspace of $U_1$ mapping isomorphically to $Z_1$. Denote $Z_2 \subset U$ the reduced closed subspace corresponding to the closed subset $|U| \setminus \mathop{\mathrm{Im}}(|f|) = |U_2| \setminus \mathop{\mathrm{Im}}(|U_1 \times _ U U_2| \to |U_2|)$. Thus we have

set theoretically. Denote $Z_{i, i} \subset V_ i$ the inverse image of $Z_ i$ under $\psi _ i$. Observe that $\psi _2$ is an isomorphism over an open neighbourhood of $Z_2$. Observe that $Z_{1, 1} = \psi _1^{-1}Z_1 = f^{-1}Z_1 \amalg T$ for some closed subspace $T \subset V_1$ disjoint from $f^{-1}Z_1$ and furthermore $\psi _1$ is étale along $f^{-1}Z_1$. Denote $Z_{i, j} \subset V_ i$ the inverse image of $Z_ j$ under $\psi _ i$. Observe that $\psi _ i : Z_{i, j} \to Z_ j$ is a proper morphism. Since $Z_ i$ and $Z_ j$ are disjoint closed subspaces of $U$, we see that $Z_{i, i}$ and $Z_{i, j}$ are disjoint closed subspaces of $V_ i$.

Denote $\overline{Z}_{i, i}$ and $\overline{Z}_{i, j}$ the scheme theoretic images of $Z_{i, i}$ and $Z_{i, j}$ in $X_ i$. We recall that $|Z_{i, j}|$ is dense in $|\overline{Z}_{i, j}|$, see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 67.17.7. After replacing $X_ i$ by a $V_ i$-admissible blowup we may assume that $\overline{Z}_{i, i}$ and $\overline{Z}_{i, j}$ are disjoint, see Lemma 81.14.2. We assume this holds for both $X_1$ and $X_2$. Observe that this property is preserved if we replace $X_ i$ by a further $V_ i$-admissible blowup. Hence we may replace $X_1$ by another $V_1$-admissible blowup and assume $|\overline{Z}_{1, 1}|$ is the disjoint union of the closures of $|T|$ and $|f^{-1}Z_1|$ in $|X_1|$.

Set $V_{12} = V_1 \times _ U V_2$. We have an immersion $V_{12} \to X_1 \times _ B X_2$ which is the composition of the closed immersion $V_{12} = V_1 \times _ U V_2 \to V_1 \times _ B V_2$ (Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 67.4.5) and the open immersion $V_1 \times _ B V_2 \to X_1 \times _ B X_2$. Let $X_{12} \subset X_1 \times _ B X_2$ be the scheme theoretic image of $V_{12} \to X_1 \times _ B X_2$. The projection morphisms

are proper as $X_1$ and $X_2$ are proper over $B$. If we replace $X_1$ by a $V_1$-admissible blowing up, then $X_{12}$ is replaced by the strict transform with respect to this blowing up, see Lemma 81.14.5.

Denote $\psi : V_{12} \to U$ the compositions $\psi = \psi _1 \circ p_1|_{V_{12}} = \psi _2 \circ p_2|_{V_{12}}$. Consider the closed subspace

The morphism $p_1|_{V_{12}} : V_{12} \to V_1$ is an isomorphism over an open neighbourhood of $Z_{1, 2}$ because $\psi _2 : V_2 \to U$ is an isomorphism over an open neighbourhood of $Z_2$ and $V_{12} = V_1 \times _ U V_2$. By Lemma 81.14.3 there exists a $V_1$-admissible blowing up $X_1' \to X_1$ such that the strict transform $p'_1 : X'_{12} \to X'_1$ of $p_1$ is an isomorphism over an open neighbourhood of the closure of $|Z_{1, 2}|$ in $|X'_1|$. After replacing $X_1$ by $X'_1$ and $X_{12}$ by $X'_{12}$ we may assume that $p_1$ is an isomorphism over an open neighbourhood of $|\overline{Z}_{1, 2}|$.

The result of the previous paragraph tells us that

where the intersection taken in $X_1 \times _ B X_2$. Namely, the inverse image $p_1^{-1}\overline{Z}_{1, 2}$ in $X_{12}$ maps isomorphically to $\overline{Z}_{1, 2}$. In particular, we see that $|Z_{12, 2}|$ is dense in $|p_1^{-1}\overline{Z}_{1, 2}|$. Thus $p_2$ maps $|p_1^{-1}\overline{Z}_{1, 2}|$ into $|\overline{Z}_{2, 2}|$. Since $|\overline{Z}_{2, 2}| \cap |\overline{Z}_{2, 1}| = \emptyset $ we conclude.

It turns out that we need to do one additional blowing up before we can conclude the argument. Namely, let $V_2 \subset W_2 \subset X_2$ be the open subspace with underlying topological space

Since $p_2(p_1^{-1}\overline{Z}_{1, 2})$ is contained in $W_2$ (see above) we see that replacing $X_2$ by a $W_2$-admissible blowup and $X_{21}$ by the corresponding strict transform will preserve the property of $p_1$ being an isomorphism over an open neighbourhood of $\overline{Z}_{1, 2}$. Since $\overline{Z}_{2, 1} \cap W_2 = \overline{Z}_{2, 1} \cap V_2 = Z_{2, 1}$ we see that $Z_{2, 1}$ is a closed subspace of $W_2$ and $V_2$. Observe that $V_{12} = V_1 \times _ U V_2 = p_1^{-1}(V_1) = p_2^{-1}(V_2)$ as open subspaces of $X_{12}$ as it is the largest open subspace of $X_{12}$ over which the morphism $\psi : V_{12} \to U$ extends; details omitted¹. We have the following equalities of closed subspaces of $V_{12}$:

Here and below we use the slight abuse of notation of writing $p_2$ in stead of the restriction of $p_2$ to $V_{12}$, etc. Since $p_2^{-1}(Z_{2, 1})$ is a closed subspace of $p_2^{-1}(W_2)$ as $Z_{2, 1}$ is a closed subspace of $W_2$ we conclude that also $p_1^{-1}f^{-1}Z_1$ is a closed subspace of $p_2^{-1}(W_2)$. Finally, the morphism $p_2 : X_{12} \to X_2$ is étale at points of $p_1^{-1}f^{-1}Z_1$ as $\psi _1$ is étale along $f^{-1}Z_1$ and $V_{12} = V_1 \times _ U V_2$. Thus we may apply Lemma 81.14.4 to the morphism $p_2 : X_{12} \to X_2$, the open $W_2$, the closed subspace $Z_{2, 1} \subset W_2$, and the closed subspace $p_1^{-1}f^{-1}Z_1 \subset p_2^{-1}(W_2)$. Hence after replacing $X_2$ by a $W_2$-admissible blowup and $X_{12}$ by the corresponding strict transform, we obtain for every geometric point $\overline{y}$ of the closure of $|p_1^{-1}f^{-1}Z_1|$ a local ring map $\mathcal{O}_{X_{12}, \overline{y}} \to \mathcal{O}$ such that $\mathcal{O}_{X_2, p_2(\overline{y})} \to \mathcal{O}$ is finite flat.

Consider the algebraic space

and with $T \subset V_1$ as in the first paragraph the algebraic space

obtained by pushout, see Lemma 81.9.2. Let us apply Lemma 81.14.1 to see that $W_ i \to B$ is separated. First, $U \to B$ and $X_ i \to B$ are separated. Let us check the quasi-compact immersion $U_ i \to U \times _ B (X_ i \setminus \overline{Z}_{i, j})$ is closed using the valuative criterion, see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 67.42.1. Choose a valuation ring $A$ over $B$ with fraction field $K$ and compatible morphisms $(u, x_ i) : \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(A) \to U \times _ B X_ i$ and $u_ i : \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(K) \to U_ i$. Since $\psi _ i$ is proper, we can find a unique $v_ i : \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(A) \to V_ i$ compatible with $u$ and $u_ i$. Since $X_ i$ is proper over $B$ we see that $x_ i = v_ i$. If $v_ i$ does not factor through $U_ i \subset V_ i$, then we conclude that $x_ i$ maps the closed point of $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(A)$ into $Z_{i, j}$ or $T$ when $i = 1$. This finishes the proof because we removed $\overline{Z}_{i, j}$ and $\overline{T}$ in the construction of $W_ i$.

On the other hand, for any valuation ring $A$ over $B$ with fraction field $K$ and any morphism

over $B$, we claim that after replacing $A$ by an extension of valuation rings, there is an $i$ and an extension of $\gamma $ to a morphism $h_ i : \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(A) \to W_ i$. Namely, we first extend $\gamma $ to a morphism $g_2 : \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(A) \to X_2$ using the valuative criterion of properness. If the image of $g_2$ does not meet $\overline{Z}_{2, 1}$, then we obtain our morphism into $W_2$. Otherwise, denote $\overline{z} \in \overline{Z}_{2, 1}$ a geometric point lying over the image of the closed point under $g_2$. We may lift this to a geometric point $\overline{y}$ of $X_{12}$ in the closure of $|p_1^{-1}f^{-1}Z_1|$ because the map of spaces $|p_1^{-1}f^{-1}Z_1| \to |\overline{Z}_{2, 1}|$ is closed with image containing the dense open $|Z_{2, 1}|$. After replacing $A$ by its strict henselization (More on Algebra, Lemma 15.123.6) we get the following diagram

where $\mathcal{O}_{X_{12}, \overline{y}} \to \mathcal{O}$ is the map we found in the 5th paragraph of the proof. Since the horizontal composition is finite and flat we can find an extension of valuation rings $A'/A$ and dotted arrow making the diagram commute. After replacing $A$ by $A'$ this means that we obtain a lift $g_{12} : \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(A) \to X_{12}$ whose closed point maps into the closure of $|p_1^{-1}f^{-1}Z_1|$. Then $g_1 = p_1 \circ g_{12} : \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(A) \to X_1$ is a morphism whose closed point maps into the closure of $|f^{-1}Z_1|$. Since the closure of $|f^{-1}Z_1|$ is disjoint from the closure of $|T|$ and contained in $|\overline{Z}_{1, 1}|$ which is disjoint from $|\overline{Z}_{1, 2}|$ we conclude that $g_1$ defines a morphism $h_1 : \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(A) \to W_1$ as desired.

Consider a diagram

as in More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 76.40.1. By the previous paragraph for every solid diagram

where $\mathop{\mathrm{Im}}(\gamma ) \subset \mathop{\mathrm{Im}}(U_1 \times _ U U_2 \to U)$ there is an $i$ and an extension $h_ i : \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(A) \to W_ i$ of $\gamma $ after possibly replacing $A$ by an extension of valuation rings. Using the valuative criterion of properness for $W'_ i \to W_ i$, we can then lift $h_ i$ to $h'_ i : \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(A) \to W'_ i$. Hence the dotted arrow in the diagram exists after possibly extending $A$. Since $W$ is separated over $B$, we see that the choice of extension isn't needed and the arrow is unique as well, see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemmas 67.41.5 and 67.43.1. Then finally the existence of the dotted arrow implies that $W \to B$ is universally closed by Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 67.42.5. As $W \to B$ is already of finite type and separated, we win. $\square$

Proof. Choose a stratification

and morphisms $f_ p : V_ p \to U_ p$ as in Decent Spaces, Lemma 68.8.6. Let $p$ be the smallest integer such that $U_ p \not\subset U$ (this is possible as $U \not= X$). Choose an affine open $V \subset V_ p$ such that the étale morphism $f_ p|_ V : V \to X$ does not factor through $U$. Consider the open $W = U \cup \mathop{\mathrm{Im}}(V \to X)$ and the reduced closed subspace $Z \subset W$ with $|Z| = |W| \setminus |U|$. Then $f^{-1}Z \to Z$ is an isomorphism because we have the corresponding property for the morphism $f_ p$, see the lemma cited above. Thus $(U \subset W, f : V \to W)$ is a distinguished square. It may not be true that the open $I = \mathop{\mathrm{Im}}(U \times _ W V \to U)$ is dense in $U$. The algebraic space $U' \subset U$ whose underlying set is $|U| \setminus \overline{|I|}$ is Noetherian and hence we can find a dense open subscheme $U'' \subset U'$, see for example Properties of Spaces, Proposition 66.13.3. Then we can find a dense open affine $U''' \subset U''$, see Properties, Lemmas 28.5.7 and 28.29.1. After we replace $f$ by $V \amalg U''' \to X$ everything is clear. $\square$

Proof. We first reduce to the Noetherian case. We strongly urge the reader to skip this paragraph. First, we may replace $S$ by $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(\mathbf{Z})$. See Spaces, Section 65.16 and Properties of Spaces, Definition 66.3.1. There exists a closed immersion $X \to X'$ with $X' \to B$ of finite presentation and separated. See Limits of Spaces, Proposition 70.11.7. If we find a compactification of $X'$ over $B$, then taking the scheme theoretic closure of $X$ in this will give a compactification of $X$ over $B$. Thus we may assume $X \to B$ is separated and of finite presentation. We may write $B = \mathop{\mathrm{lim}}\nolimits B_ i$ as a directed limit of a system of Noetherian algebraic spaces of finite type over $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(\mathbf{Z})$ with affine transition morphisms. See Limits of Spaces, Proposition 70.8.1. We can choose an $i$ and a morphism $X_ i \to B_ i$ of finite presentation whose base change to $B$ is $X \to B$, see Limits of Spaces, Lemma 70.7.1. After increasing $i$ we may assume $X_ i \to B_ i$ is separated, see Limits of Spaces, Lemma 70.6.9. If we can find a compactification of $X_ i$ over $B_ i$, then the base change of this to $B$ will be a compactification of $X$ over $B$. This reduces us to the case discussed in the next paragraph.

Assume $B$ is of finite type over $\mathbf{Z}$ in addition to being quasi-compact and quasi-separated. Let $U \to X$ be an étale morphism of algebraic spaces such that $U$ has a compactification $Y$ over $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(\mathbf{Z})$. The morphism

is separated and quasi-finite by Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 67.27.10 (the displayed morphism factors into an immersion hence is a monomorphism). Hence by Zariski's main theorem (More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 76.34.3) there is an open immersion of $U$ into an algebraic space $Y'$ finite over $B \times _{\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(\mathbf{Z})} Y$. Then $Y' \to B$ is proper as the composition $Y' \to B \times _{\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(\mathbf{Z})} Y \to B$ of two proper morphisms (use Morphisms of Spaces, Lemmas 67.45.9, 67.40.4, and 67.40.3). We conclude that $U$ has a compactification over $B$.

There is a dense open subspace $U \subset X$ which is a scheme. (Properties of Spaces, Proposition 66.13.3). In fact, we may choose $U$ to be an affine scheme (Properties, Lemmas 28.5.7 and 28.29.1). Thus $U$ has a compactification over $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(\mathbf{Z})$; this is easily shown directly but also follows from the theorem for schemes, see More on Flatness, Theorem 38.33.8. By the previous paragraph $U$ has a compactification over $B$. By Noetherian induction we can find a maximal dense open subspace $U \subset X$ which has a compactification over $B$. We will show that the assumption that $U \not= X$ leads to a contradiction. Namely, by Lemma 81.14.8 we can find a strictly larger open $U \subset W \subset X$ and a distinguished square $(U \subset W, f : V \to W)$ with $V$ affine and $U \times _ W V$ dense image in $U$. Since $V$ is affine, as before it has a compactification over $B$. Hence Lemma 81.14.7 applies to show that $W$ has a compactification over $B$ which is the desired contradiction. $\square$