In this section we prove a few lemmas on localization where we impose some additional hypotheses on the site on or the object we are localizing at.
Lemma 7.27.1. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a site. Let $U \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathcal{C})$. If the topology on $\mathcal{C}$ is subcanonical, see Definition 7.12.2, and if $\mathcal{G}$ is a sheaf on $\mathcal{C}/U$, then in other words sheafification is not necessary in Lemma 7.25.2.
\[ j_{U!}(\mathcal{G})(V) = \coprod \nolimits _{\varphi \in \mathop{\mathrm{Mor}}\nolimits _\mathcal {C}(V, U)} \mathcal{G}(V \xrightarrow {\varphi } U), \]
Proof. Let $\mathcal{V} = \{ V_ i \to V\} _{i \in I}$ be a covering of $V$ in the site $\mathcal{C}$. We are going to check the sheaf condition for the presheaf $\mathcal{H}$ of Lemma 7.25.2 directly. Let $(s_ i, \varphi _ i)_{i \in I} \in \prod _ i \mathcal{H}(V_ i)$, This means $\varphi _ i : V_ i \to U$ is a morphism in $\mathcal{C}$, and $s_ i \in \mathcal{G}(V_ i \xrightarrow {\varphi _ i} U)$. The restriction of the pair $(s_ i, \varphi _ i)$ to $V_ i \times _ V V_ j$ is the pair $(s_ i|_{V_ i \times _ V V_ j/U}, \text{pr}_1 \circ \varphi _ i)$, and likewise the restriction of the pair $(s_ j, \varphi _ j)$ to $V_ i \times _ V V_ j$ is the pair $(s_ j|_{V_ i \times _ V V_ j/U}, \text{pr}_2 \circ \varphi _ j)$. Hence, if the family $(s_ i, \varphi _ i)$ lies in $\check{H}^0(\mathcal{V}, \mathcal{H})$, then we see that $\text{pr}_1 \circ \varphi _ i = \text{pr}_2 \circ \varphi _ j$. The condition that the topology on $\mathcal{C}$ is weaker than the canonical topology then implies that there exists a unique morphism $\varphi : V \to U$ such that $\varphi _ i$ is the composition of $V_ i \to V$ with $\varphi $. At this point the sheaf condition for $\mathcal{G}$ guarantees that the sections $s_ i$ glue to a unique section $s \in \mathcal{G}(V \xrightarrow {\varphi } U)$. Hence $(s, \varphi ) \in \mathcal{H}(V)$ as desired. $\square$
Lemma 7.27.2. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a site. Let $U \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathcal{C})$. Assume $\mathcal{C}$ has products of pairs of objects. Then
the functor $j_ U$ has a continuous right adjoint, namely the functor $v(X) = X \times U / U$,
the functor $v$ defines a morphism of sites $\mathcal{C}/U \to \mathcal{C}$ whose associated morphism of topoi equals $j_ U : \mathop{\mathit{Sh}}\nolimits (\mathcal{C}/U) \to \mathop{\mathit{Sh}}\nolimits (\mathcal{C})$, and
we have $j_{U*}\mathcal{F}(X) = \mathcal{F}(X \times U/U)$.
Proof. The functor $v$ being right adjoint to $j_ U$ means that given $Y/U$ and $X$ we have
which is clear. To check that $v$ is continuous let $\{ X_ i \to X\} $ be a covering of $\mathcal{C}$. By the third axiom of a site (Definition 7.6.2) we see that
is a covering of $\mathcal{C}$ also. Hence $v$ is continuous. The other statements of the lemma follow from Lemmas 7.22.1 and 7.22.2. $\square$
Lemma 7.27.3. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a site. Let $U \to V$ be a morphism of $\mathcal{C}$. Assume $\mathcal{C}$ has fibre products. Let $j$ be as in Lemma 7.25.8. Then
the functor $j : \mathcal{C}/U \to \mathcal{C}/V$ has a continuous right adjoint, namely the functor $v : (X/V) \mapsto (X \times _ V U/U)$,
the functor $v$ defines a morphism of sites $\mathcal{C}/U \to \mathcal{C}/V$ whose associated morphism of topoi equals $j$, and
we have $j_*\mathcal{F}(X/V) = \mathcal{F}(X \times _ V U/U)$.
Proof. Follows from Lemma 7.27.2 since $j$ may be viewed as a localization functor by Lemma 7.25.8. $\square$
A fundamental property of an open immersion is that the restriction of the pushforward and the restriction of the extension by the empty set produces back the original sheaf. This is not always true for the functors associated to $j_ U$ above. It is true when $U$ is a “subobject of the final object”.
Lemma 7.27.4. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a site. Let $U \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathcal{C})$. Assume that every $X$ in $\mathcal{C}$ has at most one morphism to $U$. Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a sheaf on $\mathcal{C}/U$. The canonical maps $\mathcal{F} \to j_ U^{-1}j_{U!}\mathcal{F}$ and $j_ U^{-1}j_{U*}\mathcal{F} \to \mathcal{F}$ are isomorphisms.
Proof. This is a special case of Lemma 7.21.7 because the assumption on $U$ is equivalent to the fully faithfulness of the localization functor $\mathcal{C}/U \to \mathcal{C}$. $\square$
Lemma 7.27.5. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a site. Let be a commutative diagram of $\mathcal{C}$. The morphisms of Lemma 7.25.8 produce commutative diagrams of continuous and cocontinuous functors and of topoi. Moreover, if the initial diagram of $\mathcal{C}$ is cartesian, then we have $j_{V'/V}^{-1} \circ j_{U/V, *} = j_{U'/V', *} \circ j_{U'/U}^{-1}$.
\[ \xymatrix{ U' \ar[d] \ar[r] & U \ar[d] \\ V' \ar[r] & V } \]
\[ \vcenter { \xymatrix{ \mathcal{C}/U' \ar[d]_{j_{U'/V'}} \ar[r]_{j_{U'/U}} & \mathcal{C}/U \ar[d]^{j_{U/V}} \\ \mathcal{C}/V' \ar[r]^{j_{V'/V}} & \mathcal{C}/V } } \quad \text{and}\quad \vcenter { \xymatrix{ \mathop{\mathit{Sh}}\nolimits (\mathcal{C}/U') \ar[d]_{j_{U'/V'}} \ar[r]_{j_{U'/U}} & \mathop{\mathit{Sh}}\nolimits (\mathcal{C}/U) \ar[d]^{j_{U/V}} \\ \mathop{\mathit{Sh}}\nolimits (\mathcal{C}/V') \ar[r]^{j_{V'/V}} & \mathop{\mathit{Sh}}\nolimits (\mathcal{C}/V) } } \]
Proof. The commutativity of the left square in the first statement of the lemma is immediate from the definitions. It implies the commutativity of the diagram of topoi by Lemma 7.21.2. Assume the diagram is cartesian. By the uniqueness of adjoint functors, to show $j_{V'/V}^{-1} \circ j_{U/V, *} = j_{U'/V', *} \circ j_{U'/U}^{-1}$ is equivalent to showing $j_{U/V}^{-1} \circ j_{V'/V!} = j_{U'/U!} \circ j_{U'/V'}^{-1}$. Via the identifications of Lemma 7.25.4 we may think of our diagram of topoi as
and we know how to interpret the functors $j^{-1}$ and $j_!$ by Lemma 7.25.9. Thus we have to show given $\mathcal{F} \to h_{V'}^\# $ that
as sheaves with map to $h_ U^\# $. This is true because $h_{U'} = h_{V'} \times _{h_ V} h_ U$ and hence also
as sheafification is exact. $\square$
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