Suppose given an extension of profinite groups,
\[ 1 \to G \to \Gamma \xrightarrow {\deg } \widehat{\mathbf{Z}} \to 1 \]
We say $\Gamma $ has an abstract trace formula if and only if there exist
an integer $q\geq 1$, and
for every $d\geq 1$ a finite set $S_ d$ and for each $x\in S_ d$ a conjugacy class $F_ x \in \Gamma $ with $\deg (F_ x) = d$
such that the following hold
for all $\ell $ not dividing $q$ have $\text{cd}_\ell (G)<\infty $, and
for all finite rings $\Lambda $ with $q\in \Lambda ^*$, for all finite projective $\Lambda $-modules $M$ with continuous $\Gamma $-action, for all $n > 0$ we have
\[ \sum \nolimits _{d|n}d \left( \sum \nolimits _{x \in S_ d} \text{Tr}( F_ x^{n/d} |_ M) \right) = q^ n \text{Tr}(F^ n|_{M \otimes _{\Lambda [[G]]}^{\mathbf{L}}\Lambda }) \]
in $\Lambda ^\natural $.
Here $M \otimes _{\Lambda [[G]]}^{\mathbf{L}}\Lambda = LH_0(G, M)$ denotes derived homology, and $F=1$ in $\Gamma /G = \widehat{\mathbf{Z}}$.
Example 64.30.2. Fix an integer $q\geq 1$
\[ \begin{matrix} 1
& \to
& G = \widehat{\mathbf{Z}}^{(q)}
& \to
& \Gamma
& \to
& \widehat{\mathbf{Z}}
& \to
& 1
\\ & & = \prod _{l\not\mid q} \mathbf{Z}_ l
& & F
& \mapsto
& 1
\end{matrix} \]
with $FxF^{-1} = ux$, $u \in (\widehat{\mathbf{Z}}^{(q)})^*$. Just using the trivial modules $\mathbf{Z}/m\mathbf{Z}$ we see
\[ q^ n - (qu)^ n \equiv \sum \nolimits _{d|n} d\# S_ d \]
in $\mathbf{Z}/m\mathbf{Z}$ for all $(m, q)=1$ (up to $u \to u^{-1}$) this implies $qu = a\in \mathbf{Z}$ and $|a| < q$. The special case $a = 1$ does occur with
\[ \Gamma = \pi _1^ t(\mathbf{G}_{m, \mathbf{F}_ p}, \overline\eta ), \quad \# S_1 = q - 1, \quad \text{and}\quad \# S_2 = \frac{(q^2-1)-(q-1)}{2} \]
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