Here are some lemmas on adjoint functors and their relationship with injectives. See also Lemma 12.7.4.
Lemma 12.29.1. Let $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ be abelian categories. Let $u : \mathcal{A} \to \mathcal{B}$ and $v : \mathcal{B} \to \mathcal{A}$ be additive functors with $u$ right adjoint to $v$. Consider the following conditions:
$v$ transforms injective maps into injective maps,
$v$ is exact, and
$u$ transforms injectives into injectives.
Then (a) $\Leftrightarrow $ (b) $\Rightarrow $ (c). If $\mathcal{A}$ has enough injectives, then all three conditions are equivalent.
Proof. Observe that $v$ is right exact as a left adjoint (Categories, Lemma 4.24.6). Combined with Lemma 12.7.2 this explains why (a) $\Leftrightarrow $ (b).
Assume (a). Let $I$ be an injective object of $\mathcal{A}$. Let $\varphi : N \to M$ be an injective map in $\mathcal{B}$ and let $\alpha : N \to uI$ be a morphism. By adjointness we get a morphism $\alpha : vN \to I$ and by assumption $v\varphi : vN \to vM$ is injective. Hence as $I$ is an injective object we get a morphism $\beta : vM \to I$ extending $\alpha $. By adjointness again this corresponds to a morphism $\beta : M \to uI$ extending $\alpha $. Hence (c) is true.
Assume $\mathcal{A}$ has enough injectives and (c) holds. Let $f : B \to B'$ be a monomorphism in $\mathcal{B}$, and let $A = \mathop{\mathrm{Ker}}(v(f))$. Choose a monomorphism $g : A \to I$ with $I$ injective (it exists by assumption). Then $g$ extends to $g' : v(B) \to I$, whence by adjunction a morphism $B \to u(I)$. Since $u(I)$ is injective, this morphism extends to $h : B' \to u(I)$, hence by adjunction a morphism $k : v(B') \to I$ extending $g'$. But then $k$ "extends” $g$, which forces $A = 0$ since $g$ was a monomorphism. Thus (a) is true. $\square$
Remark 12.29.2. Let $R \to S$ be a ring map. Let $u : \text{Mod}_ S \to \text{Mod}_ R$ be $u(N) = N_ R$ and let $v : \text{Mod}_ R \to \text{Mod}_ S$ be $v(M) = M \otimes _ R S$. Then $u$ is right adjoint to $v$, and $u$ is exact and $v$ is right exact. But conditions (a), (b), (c) of Lemma 12.29.1 do not hold in general. For example, if $R = \mathbf{Z}$ and $S = \mathbf{Z}/p\mathbf{Z}$, then the injective $S$-module $\mathbf{Z}/p\mathbf{Z}$ is not an injective $\mathbf{Z}$-module. In fact, the lemma shows all injective $S$-modules are injective as $R$-modules if and only if $R \to S$ is a flat ring map.
Lemma 12.29.3. Let $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ be abelian categories. Let $u : \mathcal{A} \to \mathcal{B}$ and $v : \mathcal{B} \to \mathcal{A}$ be additive functors. Assume
$u$ is right adjoint to $v$,
$v$ transforms injective maps into injective maps,
$\mathcal{A}$ has enough injectives, and
$vB = 0$ implies $B = 0$ for any $B \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathcal{B})$.
Then $\mathcal{B}$ has enough injectives.
Proof. Pick $B \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathcal{B})$. Pick an injection $vB \to I$ for $I$ an injective object of $\mathcal{A}$. According to Lemma 12.29.1 and the assumptions the corresponding map $B \to uI$ is the injection of $B$ into an injective object. $\square$
Remark 12.29.4. Let $\mathcal{A}$, $\mathcal{B}$, $u : \mathcal{A} \to \mathcal{B}$ and $v : \mathcal{B} \to \mathcal{A}$ be as In Lemma 12.29.3. In the presence of conditions (1) and (2) condition (4) is equivalent to $v$ being faithful. Moreover, condition (4) is needed. An example is to consider the case where the functors $u$ and $v$ are both the zero functor.
Lemma 12.29.5. Let $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ be abelian categories. Let $u : \mathcal{A} \to \mathcal{B}$ and $v : \mathcal{B} \to \mathcal{A}$ be additive functors. Assume
$u$ is right adjoint to $v$,
$v$ transforms injective maps into injective maps,
$\mathcal{A}$ has enough injectives,
$vB = 0$ implies $B = 0$ for any $B \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathcal{B})$, and
$\mathcal{A}$ has functorial injective embeddings.
Then $\mathcal{B}$ has functorial injective embeddings.
Proof. Let $A \mapsto (A \to J(A))$ be a functorial injective embedding on $\mathcal{A}$. Then $B \mapsto (B \to uJ(vB))$ is a functorial injective embedding on $\mathcal{B}$. Compare with the proof of Lemma 12.29.3. $\square$
Lemma 12.29.6. Let $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ be abelian categories. Let $u : \mathcal{A} \to \mathcal{B}$ be a functor. If there exists a subset $\mathcal{P} \subset \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathcal{B})$ such that
every object of $\mathcal{B}$ is a quotient of an element of $\mathcal{P}$, and
for every $P \in \mathcal{P}$ there exists an object $Q$ of $\mathcal{A}$ such that $\mathop{\mathrm{Hom}}\nolimits _\mathcal {A}(Q, A) = \mathop{\mathrm{Hom}}\nolimits _\mathcal {B}(P, u(A))$ functorially in $A$,
then there exists a left adjoint $v$ of $u$.
Proof. By the Yoneda lemma (Categories, Lemma 4.3.5) the object $Q$ of $\mathcal{A}$ corresponding to $P$ is defined up to unique isomorphism by the formula $\mathop{\mathrm{Hom}}\nolimits _\mathcal {A}(Q, A) = \mathop{\mathrm{Hom}}\nolimits _\mathcal {B}(P, u(A))$. Let us write $Q = v(P)$. Denote $i_ P : P \to u(v(P))$ the map corresponding to $\text{id}_{v(P)}$ in $\mathop{\mathrm{Hom}}\nolimits _\mathcal {A}(v(P), v(P))$. Functoriality in (2) implies that the bijection is given by
For any pair of elements $P_1, P_2 \in \mathcal{P}$ there is a canonical map
which is characterized by the rule $u(v(\varphi )) \circ i_{P_2} = i_{P_1} \circ \varphi $ in $\mathop{\mathrm{Hom}}\nolimits _\mathcal {B}(P_2, u(v(P_1)))$. Note that $\varphi \mapsto v(\varphi )$ is compatible with composition; this can be seen directly from the characterization. Hence $P \mapsto v(P)$ is a functor from the full subcategory of $\mathcal{B}$ whose objects are the elements of $\mathcal{P}$.
Given an arbitrary object $B$ of $\mathcal{B}$ choose an exact sequence
which is possible by assumption (1). Define $v(B)$ to be the object of $\mathcal{A}$ fitting into the exact sequence
Then
Hence we see that we may take $\mathcal{P} = \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathcal{B})$, i.e., we see that $v$ is everywhere defined. $\square$
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Comments (2)
Comment #8711 by Bruno Kahn on
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