The Stacks project

Localization is exact.

Proposition 10.9.12. Let $L\xrightarrow {u} M\xrightarrow {v} N$ be an exact sequence of $R$-modules. Then $S^{-1}L \to S^{-1}M \to S^{-1}N$ is also exact.

Proof. First it is clear that $S^{-1}L \to S^{-1}M \to S^{-1}N$ is a complex since localization is a functor. Next suppose that $x/s$ maps to zero in $S^{-1}N$ for some $x/s \in S^{-1}M$. Then by definition there is a $t\in S$ such that $v(xt) = v(x)t = 0$ in $M$, which means $xt \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ker}}(v)$. By the exactness of $L \to M \to N$ we have $xt = u(y)$ for some $y$ in $L$. Then $x/s$ is the image of $y/st$. This proves the exactness. $\square$

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