The Stacks project

Lemma 3.9.9. Let $\alpha $ be an ordinal as in Lemma 3.9.2 above. The category $\mathit{Sch}_\alpha $ satisfies the following properties:

  1. If $X, Y, S \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$, then for any morphisms $f : X \to S$, $g : Y \to S$ the fibre product $X \times _ S Y$ in $\mathit{Sch}_\alpha $ exists and is a fibre product in the category of schemes.

  2. Given any at most countable collection $S_1, S_2, \ldots $ of elements of $\mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$, the coproduct $\coprod _ i S_ i$ exists in $\mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$ and is a coproduct in the category of schemes.

  3. For any $S \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$ and any open immersion $U \to S$, there exists a $V \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$ with $V \cong U$.

  4. For any $S \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$ and any closed immersion $T \to S$, there exists an $S' \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$ with $S' \cong T$.

  5. For any $S \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$ and any finite type morphism $T \to S$, there exists an $S' \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$ with $S' \cong T$.

  6. Suppose $S$ is a scheme which has an open covering $S = \bigcup _{i \in I} S_ i$ such that there exists a $T \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$ with (a) $\text{size}(S_ i) \leq \text{size}(T)^{\aleph _0}$ for all $i \in I$, and (b) $|I| \leq \text{size}(T)^{\aleph _0}$. Then $S$ is isomorphic to an object of $\mathit{Sch}_\alpha $.

  7. For any $S \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$ and any morphism $f : T \to S$ locally of finite type such that $T$ can be covered by at most $\text{size}(S)^{\aleph _0}$ open affines, there exists an $S' \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$ with $S' \cong T$. For example this holds if $T$ can be covered by at most $|\mathbf{R}| = 2^{\aleph _0} = \aleph _0^{\aleph _0}$ open affines.

  8. For any $S \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$ and any monomorphism $T \to S$ which is either locally of finite presentation or quasi-compact, there exists an $S' \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$ with $S' \cong T$.

  9. Suppose that $T \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\mathit{Sch}_\alpha )$ is affine. Write $R = \Gamma (T, \mathcal{O}_ T)$. Then any of the following schemes is isomorphic to a scheme in $\mathit{Sch}_\alpha $:

    1. For any ideal $I \subset R$ with completion $R^* = \mathop{\mathrm{lim}}\nolimits _ n R/I^ n$, the scheme $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(R^*)$.

    2. For any finite type $R$-algebra $R'$, the scheme $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(R')$.

    3. For any localization $S^{-1}R$, the scheme $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(S^{-1}R)$.

    4. For any prime $\mathfrak p \subset R$, the scheme $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(\overline{\kappa (\mathfrak p)})$.

    5. For any subring $R' \subset R$, the scheme $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(R')$.

    6. Any scheme of finite type over a ring of cardinality at most $|R|^{\aleph _0}$.

    7. And so on.

Proof. Statements (1) and (2) follow directly from the definitions. Statement (3) follows as the size of an open subscheme $U$ of $S$ is clearly smaller than or equal to the size of $S$. Statement (4) follows from (5). Statement (5) follows from (7). Statement (6) follows as the size of $S$ is $\leq \max \{ |I|, \sup _ i \text{size}(S_ i)\} \leq \text{size}(T)^{\aleph _0}$ by Lemma 3.9.5. Statement (7) follows from (6). Namely, for any affine open $V \subset T$ we have $\text{size}(V) \leq \text{size}(S)$ by Lemma 3.9.7. Thus, we see that (6) applies in the situation of (7). Part (8) follows from Lemma 3.9.8.

Statement (9) is translated, via Lemma 3.9.4, into an upper bound on the cardinality of the rings $R^*$, $S^{-1}R$, $\overline{\kappa (\mathfrak p)}$, $R'$, etc. Perhaps the most interesting one is the ring $R^*$. As a set, it is the image of a surjective map $R^{\mathbf{N}} \to R^*$. Since $|R^{\mathbf{N}}| = |R|^{\aleph _0}$, we see that it works by our choice of $Bound(\kappa )$ being at least $\kappa ^{\aleph _0}$. Phew! (The cardinality of the algebraic closure of a field is the same as the cardinality of the field, or it is $\aleph _0$.) $\square$

Comments (0)

There are also:

  • 4 comment(s) on Section 3.9: Constructing categories of schemes

Post a comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked.

In your comment you can use Markdown and LaTeX style mathematics (enclose it like $\pi$). A preview option is available if you wish to see how it works out (just click on the eye in the toolbar).

Unfortunately JavaScript is disabled in your browser, so the comment preview function will not work.

All contributions are licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.




In order to prevent bots from posting comments, we would like you to prove that you are human. You can do this by filling in the name of the current tag in the following input field. As a reminder, this is tag 000R. Beware of the difference between the letter 'O' and the digit '0'.



View Lemma 3.9.9 as pdf