Lemma 47.25.5. Let $\varphi : R \to A$ be a flat finite type homomorphism of Noetherian rings. The following are equivalent
the fibres $A \otimes _ R \kappa (\mathfrak p)$ are Gorenstein for all primes $\mathfrak p \subset R$, and
$\omega _{A/R}^\bullet $ is an invertible object of $D(A)$, see More on Algebra, Lemma 15.126.4.
Proof. If (2) holds, then the fibre rings $A \otimes _ R \kappa (\mathfrak p)$ have invertible dualizing complexes, and hence are Gorenstein. See Lemmas 47.25.2 and 47.21.4.
For the converse, assume (1). Observe that $\omega _{A/R}^\bullet $ is in $D^ b_{\textit{Coh}}(A)$ by Lemma 47.24.2 (since flat finite type homomorphisms of Noetherian rings are perfect, see More on Algebra, Lemma 15.82.4). Take a prime $\mathfrak q \subset A$ lying over $\mathfrak p \subset R$. Then
Applying Lemmas 47.25.2 and 47.21.4 and assumption (1) we find that this complex has $1$ nonzero cohomology group which is a $1$-dimensional $\kappa (\mathfrak q)$-vector space. By More on Algebra, Lemma 15.77.1 we conclude that $(\omega _{A/R}^\bullet )_ f$ is an invertible object of $D(A_ f)$ for some $f \in A$, $f \not\in \mathfrak q$. This proves (2) holds. $\square$
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