Given a groupoid in schemes we can build a simplicial scheme. It will turn out that the category of quasi-coherent sheaves on a groupoid is equivalent to the category of cartesian quasi-coherent sheaves on the associated simplicial scheme.
Lemma 85.29.1. Let $(U, R, s, t, c, e, i)$ be a groupoid scheme over $S$. There exists a simplicial scheme $X$ over $S$ with the following properties
$X_0 = U$, $X_1 = R$, $X_2 = R \times _{s, U, t} R$,
$s_0^0 = e : X_0 \to X_1$,
$d^1_0 = s : X_1 \to X_0$, $d^1_1 = t : X_1 \to X_0$,
$s_0^1 = (e \circ t, 1) : X_1 \to X_2$, $s_1^1 = (1, e \circ t) : X_1 \to X_2$,
$d^2_0 = \text{pr}_1 : X_2 \to X_1$, $d^2_1 = c : X_2 \to X_1$, $d^2_2 = \text{pr}_0$, and
$X = \text{cosk}_2 \text{sk}_2 X$.
For all $n$ we have $X_ n = R \times _{s, U, t} \ldots \times _{s, U, t} R$ with $n$ factors. The map $d^ n_ j : X_ n \to X_{n - 1}$ is given on functors of points by
for $1 \leq j \leq n - 1$ whereas $d^ n_0(r_1, \ldots , r_ n) = (r_2, \ldots , r_ n)$ and $d^ n_ n(r_1, \ldots , r_ n) = (r_1, \ldots , r_{n - 1})$.
Proof. We only have to verify that the rules prescribed in (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) define a $2$-truncated simplicial scheme $U'$ over $S$, since then (6) allows us to set $X = \text{cosk}_2 U'$, see Simplicial, Lemma 14.19.2. Using the functor of points approach, all we have to verify is that if $(\text{Ob}, \text{Arrows}, s, t, c, e, i)$ is a groupoid, then
is a $2$-truncated simplicial set. We omit the details.
Finally, the description of $X_ n$ for $n > 2$ follows by induction from the description of $X_0$, $X_1$, $X_2$, and Simplicial, Remark 14.19.9 and Lemma 14.19.6. Alternately, one shows that $\text{cosk}_2$ applied to the $2$-truncated simplicial set displayed above gives a simplicial set whose $n$th term equals $\text{Arrows} \times _{s, \text{Ob}, t} \ldots \times _{s, \text{Ob}, t} \text{Arrows}$ with $n$ factors and degeneracy maps as given in the lemma. Some details omitted. $\square$
Lemma 85.29.2. Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $(U, R, s, t, c)$ be a groupoid scheme over $S$. Let $X$ be the simplicial scheme over $S$ constructed in Lemma 85.29.1. Then the category of quasi-coherent modules on $(U, R, s, t, c)$ is equivalent to the category of quasi-coherent modules on $X_{Zar}$.
Proof. This is clear from Lemmas 85.12.10 and 85.12.5 and Groupoids, Definition 39.14.1. $\square$
In the following lemma we will use the concept of a cartesian morphism $V \to U$ of simplicial schemes as defined in Definition 85.27.1.
Lemma 85.29.3. Let $(U, R, s, t, c)$ be a groupoid scheme over a scheme $S$. Let $X$ be the simplicial scheme over $S$ constructed in Lemma 85.29.1. Let $(R/U)_\bullet $ be the simplicial scheme associated to $s : R \to U$, see Definition 85.27.3. There exists a cartesian morphism $t_\bullet : (R/U)_\bullet \to X$ of simplicial schemes with low degree morphisms given by
\[ \xymatrix{ R \times _{s, U, s} R \times _{s, U, s} R \ar@<3ex>[r]_-{\text{pr}_{12}} \ar@<0ex>[r]_-{\text{pr}_{02}} \ar@<-3ex>[r]_-{\text{pr}_{01}} \ar[dd]_{(r_0, r_1, r_2) \mapsto (r_0 \circ r_1^{-1}, r_1 \circ r_2^{-1})} & R \times _{s, U, s} R \ar@<1ex>[r]_-{\text{pr}_1} \ar@<-2ex>[r]_-{\text{pr}_0} \ar[dd]_{(r_0, r_1) \mapsto r_0 \circ r_1^{-1}} & R \ar[dd]^ t \\ \\ R \times _{s, U, t} R \ar@<3ex>[r]_{\text{pr}_1} \ar@<0ex>[r]_ c \ar@<-3ex>[r]_{\text{pr}_0} & R \ar@<1ex>[r]_ s \ar@<-2ex>[r]_ t & U } \]
Proof. For arbitrary $n$ we define $(R/U)_\bullet \to X_ n$ by the rule
Compatibility with degeneracy maps is clear from the description of the degeneracies in Lemma 85.29.1. We omit the verification that the maps respect the morphisms $s^ n_ j$. Groupoids, Lemma 39.13.5 (with the roles of $s$ and $t$ reversed) shows that the two right squares are cartesian. In exactly the same manner one shows all the other squares are cartesian too. Hence the morphism is cartesian. $\square$
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