6.32 Closed immersions and (pre)sheaves
Let $X$ be a topological space. Let $i : Z \to X$ be the inclusion of a closed subset $Z$ into $X$. In Section 6.21 we have defined functors $i_*$ and $i^{-1}$ such that $i_*$ is right adjoint to $i^{-1}$.
Lemma 6.32.1. Let $X$ be a topological space. Let $i : Z \to X$ be the inclusion of a closed subset $Z$ into $X$. Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a sheaf of sets on $Z$. The stalks of $i_*\mathcal{F}$ are described as follows
\[ i_*\mathcal{F}_ x = \left\{ \begin{matrix} \{ *\}
& \text{if}
& x \not\in Z
\\ \mathcal{F}_ x
& \text{if}
& x \in Z
\end{matrix} \right. \]
where $\{ *\} $ denotes a singleton set. Moreover, $i^{-1}i_* = \text{id}$ on the category of sheaves of sets on $Z$. Moreover, the same holds for abelian sheaves on $Z$, resp. sheaves of algebraic structures on $Z$ where $\{ *\} $ has to be replaced by $0$, resp. a final object of the category of algebraic structures.
Proof.
If $x \not\in Z$, then there exist arbitrarily small open neighbourhoods $U$ of $x$ which do not meet $Z$. Because $\mathcal{F}$ is a sheaf we have $\mathcal{F}(i^{-1}(U)) = \{ *\} $ for any such $U$, see Remark 6.7.2. This proves the first case. The second case comes from the fact that for $z \in Z$ any open neighbourhood of $z$ is of the form $Z \cap U$ for some open $U$ of $X$. For the statement that $i^{-1}i_* = \text{id}$ consider the canonical map $i^{-1}i_*\mathcal{F} \to \mathcal{F}$. This is an isomorphism on stalks (see above) and hence an isomorphism.
For sheaves of abelian groups, and sheaves of algebraic structures you argue in the same manner.
$\square$
Lemma 6.32.2. Let $X$ be a topological space. Let $i : Z \to X$ be the inclusion of a closed subset. The functor
\[ i_* : \mathop{\mathit{Sh}}\nolimits (Z) \longrightarrow \mathop{\mathit{Sh}}\nolimits (X) \]
is fully faithful. Its essential image consists exactly of those sheaves $\mathcal{G}$ such that $\mathcal{G}_ x = \{ *\} $ for all $x \in X \setminus Z$.
Proof.
Fully faithfulness follows formally from $i^{-1} i_* = \text{id}$. We have seen that any sheaf in the image of the functor has the property on the stalks mentioned in the lemma. Conversely, suppose that $\mathcal{G}$ has the indicated property. Then it is easy to check that
\[ \mathcal{G} \to i_* i^{-1} \mathcal{G} \]
is an isomorphism on all stalks and hence an isomorphism.
$\square$
Lemma 6.32.3. Let $X$ be a topological space. Let $i : Z \to X$ be the inclusion of a closed subset. The functor
\[ i_* : \textit{Ab}(Z) \longrightarrow \textit{Ab}(X) \]
is fully faithful. Its essential image consists exactly of those sheaves $\mathcal{G}$ such that $\mathcal{G}_ x = 0$ for all $x \in X \setminus Z$.
Proof.
Omitted.
$\square$
Lemma 6.32.4. Let $X$ be a topological space. Let $i : Z \to X$ be the inclusion of a closed subset. Let $(\mathcal{C}, F)$ be a type of algebraic structure with final object $0$. The functor
\[ i_* : \mathop{\mathit{Sh}}\nolimits (Z, \mathcal{C}) \longrightarrow \mathop{\mathit{Sh}}\nolimits (X, \mathcal{C}) \]
is fully faithful. Its essential image consists exactly of those sheaves $\mathcal{G}$ such that $\mathcal{G}_ x = 0$ for all $x \in X \setminus Z$.
Proof.
Omitted.
$\square$
Comments (1)
Comment #4963 by Yan He on